HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) weakens the immune system, making the body more vulnerable to infections and diseases. Some of the earliest and most noticeable signs of HIV appear on the mouth and skin. These symptoms can indicate a weakened immune response and should not be ignored, as early detection and treatment can significantly improve health outcomes.
Mouth-Related Signs of HIV
- Oral Thrush (Candidiasis)
One of the most common oral symptoms of HIV is oral thrush, which appears as white patches on the tongue, inner cheeks, or throat. This fungal infection occurs due to a weakened immune system and can cause discomfort, pain, difficulty swallowing, and persistent bad breath. - Mouth Ulcers and Sores
Painful ulcers may develop inside the mouth, on the tongue, or along the gums. These sores often take longer to heal and may be triggered by viral infections like herpes simplex or aphthous ulcers, which are more severe in individuals with compromised immunity. - Dry Mouth (Xerostomia)
HIV can affect the salivary glands, reducing saliva production and leading to persistent dryness in the mouth. This condition increases the risk of gum disease, dental infections, and tooth decay, making oral health care especially important for those living with HIV. - Gingivitis and Periodontitis
Inflammation of the gums (gingivitis) and more severe gum disease (periodontitis) are common in people with HIV. Symptoms may include swollen, bleeding, or receding gums, persistent bad breath, and, in advanced cases, tooth loss if left untreated.
Skin-Related Signs of HIV
- Skin Rashes
A widespread rash is often one of the first visible symptoms of HIV. It can appear as red, itchy, or purplish spots on the face, chest, hands, or other parts of the body. In some cases, these rashes may be painful or accompanied by flu-like symptoms. - Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS)
This rare type of cancer is associated with advanced HIV/AIDS and appears as dark purple, red, or brown skin lesions that do not fade. These lesions commonly develop on the face, legs, and inside the mouth, indicating severe immune suppression. - Seborrheic Dermatitis
This skin condition causes scaly, flaky patches on the scalp, face, or chest. While it can affect anyone, it tends to be more severe and persistent in individuals with weakened immune systems, including those with HIV. - Herpes Simplex and Shingles
Cold sores (herpes simplex) are common among people with HIV, often appearing around the lips and mouth. Additionally, shingles (herpes zoster) can cause painful blisters along nerve pathways, usually on the chest or back. These viral infections tend to be more severe and frequent in those with HIV. - Molluscum Contagiosum
This viral skin infection results in small, firm, dome-shaped bumps that spread easily in individuals with weakened immune systems. It can appear anywhere on the body and may persist longer than usual in people with HIV.
When to See a Doctor
If you experience persistent mouth sores, skin rashes, or infections that do not heal, it is crucial to seek medical attention and get tested for HIV. Early diagnosis allows for timely treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART), which helps manage symptoms and strengthens the immune system. Maintaining good oral hygiene, protecting your skin, and addressing unusual symptoms promptly can improve overall health and well-being.